The development of the kidney, the major excretory organ after birth, consists of 3 stages: the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros.

肾脏是人体排泄器官，它发育经原肾、中肾、后肾3个段。

Fluoride is a widely distributed nephrotoxin with exposure potentially resulting from environmental fluorine excess.Kidney is the main excretory organ of fluorine.

肾脏是排泄器官，当机体摄入超肾排泄能力时，肾组织细胞就会因处于高环境而受到损害。